The Benefits of Therapeutic Riding - 1310 Words

As of 2011, it has been reported that there are 650 million disabled people in the world (â€Å"Disabilities†). Though this number is high, it is greatly underestimated because disabled people are commonly isolated and stigmatized by their community (â€Å"Disabilities†). After hearing of this extremely high number of disabled people, I then ultimately decided I would write my research paper on ways to help the disabled. Therapeutic riding has been actively helping individuals with disabilities for decades, and can benefit these unfortunate people physically, mentally, and emotionally. â€Å"Therapeutic riding, which originated in Europe, has been actively helping individuals with disabilities since the 1950s† (Shepard). Through equine-orientated†¦show more content†¦The horse can be used as a motivator to increase their attention span, to improve the ability to follow instructions, to increase their language skills, and to improve other similar goals. These skills are carried out through the daily lives of these disabled people. They can practice them at home, at school, and at their workplace. While riding, disabled people can play games such as Red Light/Green Light, which incorporates hand and eye coordination, and verbal commands to control the horses. Just by saying commands like whoa, walk, and trot, these techniques can really help some disabled people with their verbal communication skills (Rogan). I was astonished to find out that disabled people can greatly benefit from their therapeutic riding, even when outside of the arena. The idea of someone being with an animal to improve his or her people skills is intriguing. My research suggests that disabled riders may possibly gain better people skills and sensations by being with a horse, rather than talking with a sophisticated human being. In my research, I found that www.sire-htec.org had a great description of how a disabled person would feel on top of a horse. It stated, the horses â€Å"rhythmic movements help stiff or spastic muscles to relax, much like rocking soothes a crying baby† (â€Å"Benefits†). This information was very helpful when discussing theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Horse Benefits1222 Words   |  5 Pageshelp people out. Although many people agree that horses can be dangerous animals, it has been proven that owning and riding horses can have many positive benefits. The first reason that is beneficial of riding horses would be that it can help to build strength in the body. Horseback riding may seem less like work and more like play, but it has been proven that horseback riding really can help build strength in the human body. An ancient Greek once said, â€Å"The outside of a horse is the best thingRead MoreThe Benefits Of Equine Therapy1556 Words   |  7 PagesBenefits of Equine Therapy Winston Churchill once proclaimed, â€Å"There is something about the outside of a horse that is good for the inside of a man,† this statement could never be considered more true when discussing equine assisted therapy. Horseback riding is already beneficial within itself, but when used to help heal those with disabilities, it can work incredible miracles. According to CRC health, Equine Assisted Therapy (ETA), is a form of experimental therapy that involves interactions betweenRead MoreThe And Materials For Those With Multiple Disabilities1423 Words   |  6 Pagesnot a therapy goal, one of William’s first words was Dolly, the name of a favorite volunteer. Hippotherapy for William. What is hippotherapy? Hippotherapy does not use hippos but rather horses. Hippotherapy â€Å"refers to the use of horses as a therapeutic tool to address functional limitations in a wide variety of disabilities.† (Gakuen 1.) There has been some controversial issues related to the positive effects of hippotherapy and children with special needs in the medical and science fields, butRead MoreEquine Therapy For Children With Disabilities1339 Words   |  6 Pagesmovements of the horse (Biery et. al. 1). Motor skills have improved after just a few sessions in equine therapy, whether it be riding or hippotherapy (Snider et. al. 1). In addition, researchers have found that social skills have improved with equine therapy (Bass, Dunchowny llabre 1266). The reason for the improvement in social skills is because in therapeutic riding lessons, children are given the chance to interact with other individuals who are similar to them. This creates a bo nd betweenRead More Therapeutic Horseback Riding and Children with Autism Developmental Disorders1659 Words   |  7 Pageshorses can be classified into two main categories: equine-assisted activities and equine-assisted therapy. Equine- assisted activities (EAA) are activities centered on the horse in which the purpose is to learn horse-related skills (e.g., riding) and improve a person’s quality of life. EAA is a subtype of animal-assisted activities, which can be provided by anyone who receives specialized training and certification. Equine-assisted therapy (EAT), a subtype of animal-assisted therapyRead MorePhysical Therapy Or Who Is A Physical Therapist?1188 Words   |  5 Pageswho is a physical therapist? Lucy Rees once said â€Å"Riding is a partnership. The horse lends you his strength, speed and grace, which are greater than yours. For your part, you give him guidance, intelligence and understanding which are greater than his. Together you can achieve a richness that neither can alone.† Patients are not limited to clinical settings where physical therapist examine each individual and develop a plan utilizing therapeutic methods to promote movement , alleviate pain, restoreRead MoreThes Equine And Aquatic Therapy Services1453 Words   |  6 Pagesdisabilities by using horses. When ridden, the movements of the horses’ spine and hips mimic the movements of walking or running for those who cannot. Even when stationary, the horses’ consistent breathing stimulates the muscles of the individual riding that cannot be as readily stimulated with the use of any other mechanism (B. Nugent, personal communication, February 25, 2016). This unique form of therapy enables ind ividuals to work on balance and strength. Above all, hippotherapy is incrediblyRead MoreTherapies For Autistic Children.Individuals Take For Granted1678 Words   |  7 PagesChildren who rate on the autism spectrum disorder have several therapies available to them through therapeutic practices of therapy, such as equine-assisted horseback riding, music therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy. Equine assisted as a therapy Equine-assisted therapy for autistic children has a phenomenal effect for individuals that suffer from autism. Equine-assisted therapy horseback riding encompasses a range of autistic-related challenges and yields a solution for children that haveRead MoreEssay On Autism727 Words   |  3 Pagesto find scholarly and empirical evidence related to therapeutic effects of pet therapy among autistic children, the La Salle University library catalog was used to search through the CINAHL database and select studies according to relevancy. The reference range used for the search was restricted to published articles from 2012-2017 and the use of selective keywords, such as: autism, pet therapy, animal-assisted, disability, children, and benefits of pet therapy. The abstracts of many scholarly journalsRead MoreHorseback Riding Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pages Horseback riding is a sport that many people typically filter under â€Å"not a real sport†. However, it is quite the opposite. Horseback riding can be a very intense sport or a leisure activity for the weekends. Either way, the human body improves because of horseback riding. Not only have studies proven the health benefits—both mental and physical, but personal experience has emphasized the importance of this sport. Horseback riding is a sport that everyone should try as it helps improves both your

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life by Erving Goffman

Erving Goffman (1922-1983) was born in Manville, Alberta, Canada. In 1953, he received his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago. Goffman was also a professor of sociology at the University of California at Berkeley, and the Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Before his death in 1983, he received the MacIver Award (1961), the In Medias Res Award (1978), and was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Goffman has been noted as the most important American sociological theorist in the second half of the twentieth century. In 1963, Goffman published Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity to illustrate the lives of stigmatized†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, there are two types of people in the world—those who are stigmatized, and those who are â€Å"normal.† Goffman defines â€Å"normals† as being without stigma, and easily accepted in society. Stigma focuses on the interactions between these individuals within social settings. During these interactions, if a person’s stigma is plainly known and seen, the person may be considered discredited. There are â€Å"symbols† used during interactions that convey social information. There are both â€Å"prestige symbols† and stigma symbols, which can convey high status or identity discrepancies. Who one associates themselves with also reflects one’s social identity, conveying that individual’s social identity. Throughout the book, Goffman demonstrates a divide that occurs between the â€Å"us† and â€Å"them.† As explained by Goffman, stigmatized individuals are not quite human. The stigmatized individual,Show MoreRelatedThe Presentation Of Self And Everyday Life By Erving Goffman1742 Words   |  7 Pagesothers to see them. In the book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Erving Goffman writes in detail how individuals make use of different techniques to set their own stage and portray traits and interests of who they are or who they want to be. One such way of portraying ourselves to others is using impression management to control the impressions we give to others and how others see the impressions we give off. These can be found on what is considered by Goffman to be the front stage, a placeRead MoreThe Presentation Of Self In Everyday Life By Erving Goffman Analysis1640 Words   |  7 PagesIn Erving Goffman’s book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday L ife, he bases his literature and knowledge off of dramatological theories. According to Goffman, an individual appearing before others is a performer appearing before his or her audience. These performers have many motives to put on an act enabling the possibility to control their impressions given off in their performance. He then furthers his belief within a given setting, there is no true self. On the contrary to Goffman’s work, JuliaRead MoreThe Presentation of Self in Everyday Life by Erving Goffman955 Words   |  4 PagesIn his book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Goffman (1959) focuses on the self as a staged production in which people actively present themselves to different audiences one encounters. To bolster his conceptualization, Goffman used an interesting metaphor of â€Å"all the world’s a stage† (1959, 254). This, he terms as a â€Å"dramaturgical approach† (Goffman 1959, 240) in which an actor puts on a show for others; draw ing analogies between human behaviors and the theater. Goffman (1959) likens theRead MoreEssay on Presentation of Self710 Words   |  3 PagesWriting Assignment 3 DSSAE100J December 3, 2010 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life â€Å"When an individual enters the presence of others, they commonly seek to acquire†¨information about him or to bring into play information about him already possessed. They†¨will be interested in his general socio-economic status, his conception of self, his attitude†¨towards them, his competence, his trustworthiness, etc. Although some of this information is†¨sought as an end in itself, there are usually quiteRead MoreIdentity Management, Concepts, And Definitions1734 Words   |  7 Pagesfacing or presenting self, in which one manipulates their perceived image for others to discern. The concept of identity management can also effect other arenas such as professional communication in the work place and school. Similarly its effects can be perceived in the larger stage of public relations for important persons and celebrities. Identity management theory was developed on the works of Erving Goffman. It is understood that the identity management theory me ntions Goffman s contributionsRead MoreSocial Interaction: Goffman and the Social Experiment779 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Interaction: Goffman and the Social Experiment In â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life†, Erving Goffman expresses his views on social interaction, analyzing many different key aspects that formulate an individual’s role and manner throughout the act of expressing himself in the presence of others. Goffman compares the difference between â€Å"the expression that he gives, and the expression that he gives off†, explaining that these two concepts involve significantly differing actions, butRead MoreEssay on Presentation of Self Claim522 Words   |  3 PagesErving Goffman’s Presentation of Self Claim Erving Goffman was a sociologist who studied and analyzed social interaction. He took special interest in explaining how people live their lives as if they were actors performing on stage. He looked at the world as if he were a â€Å"director† seeing what goes on in everyday life. He called this observation of the world dramaturgical analysis. He applied terms to this explanation, which include the concepts of status and role. He referred the â€Å"part in a play†Read MoreGoffman s Theory Of Sociology And Anthropology1549 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2014 Erving Goffman INTRODUCTION Erving Goffman was born in Mannville, Alberta on June 11, 1922. He was born to his Ukrainian Jewish parents, Max and Ann. They were part of the Ukrainians that migrated to Canada between 1897 and 1914. He and his sister, Frances, were raised in Dauphin, near Winnipeg. Goffman attended St. John’s Technical High School. He showed an interest in chemistry and went on to study chemistry at the University of Manitoba in 1939. In 1943 and 1944 Goffman worked at theRead MoreSocial Order (Foucault and Goffman)1463 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will examine two views on social order, applied to social sciences, and embodied in everyday life. It will compare and contrast a Canadian sociologist, Erving Goffman, and a French philosopher, Michel Foucault. Through an analysis of these two figures, the text will present different ways of looking at social ordering and individuals place in a human society. Firstly, it will be shown how Goffman and Foucault approach the subject of social order, finding patterns of behaviour in micro andRead MoreEssay on Dramaturgical Analysis1185 Words   |  5 Pagesand all the men and women merely players.† William Shakespeare may have written these words in As You Like It in 1600, but Erving Goffman truly defined the phrase with his dramaturgical theory. Dramaturgical analysis is the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. Unlike actors though , who use a script telling them how to behave in every scene, real life human interactions change depending upon the social situation they are in. We may have an idea of how we want to be perceived

Problem Solving Quantitative Analysis for Business

Questions: 1. Clearly distinguish in your own words among the features of the three approaches to Under what circumstances would each type be more appropriate than the others? 2. A recent road safety study found that in 77% of all accidents the driver was wearing a Accident reports indicated that 92% of those drivers escaped serious injury (defined as hospitalisation or death), but only 63% of the non-belted drivers were so fortunate. What is the probability that a driver who was seriously injured was not wearing seatbelt? (Use the decision tree method to obtain your answer.) 3. The aptitude test scores of applicants to a university graduate program are normally distributed with mean 500 and standard deviation If the university wishes to set the cut-off score for graduate admission so that only the top 10 percent of applicants qualify for admission, what is the required cut-off score? What percentage of applicants have test scores within two standard deviations of the mean? 4. For the following discuss whether a sample or a census would be Indicate any assumptions you make: An examination of dwellings in a large city to obtain information about the extent of present home insulation and the costs to bring substandard dwellings up to minimum insulation standards. 5. Comment on the veracity of the following .statements: a. The Central Limit Theorem is the cornerstone of statistical estimation. b. The overriding factor in determining sample size is the requirement for precision in estimates of population 6. Explain the difference between sampling error and non-sampling Briefly describe three types of non-sampling error. 7. How large a sample is needed so that a 95% confidence interval for the mean number of years of attained education has a margin of error equal to one year? Answers: 1. The three different probability approaches are The Classical Approach The Frequency Approach The Axiomatic Approach Probability theory is based on the concept of randomness, i.e. the random experiment. In random experiment the toatal number of all possible cases is defined as the sample space. and the total number of events favourable to be be counted before calculating probability. Therefore the required Classical definition of probability = Total number of all possible cases favourable to event E / Total number of all possible cases. The Frequency Approach to probability is a simpler approach. The probability is to be calculated for the event A (Barnett, 1999). Suppose the whole population cannot be the sample space to calculate this probability. Then from a specified sample we calculate the probability fuction Therefore by the frequency approach Probability function of the event E = Total number of cases that have that particular criterion(Here E)/ Total number of sample cases The Axiomatic Approch uses axioms to define probability. The Axiomatic probability has mainly three axioms. Any function satisfying the three axioms is called the probability function if P(A) 0, considering any event A P() = 1, this will be the case for all sure events where is a sure event. Suppose A1 and A2 are two events which are mutually exclusive then P(A1 U A2) =P(A1)+P(A2) , this will be the case for all mutually exclusive events. Generally the classical definition is used in games of cards, dice and coins which are not very related to day to day life. Moreover classical definition cannot be applied if the events are not equally likely and the number of events are not finite. The Frequency approach to probability has many practical uses and can be used in studies where data is collected by sampling. The Axiomatic approach is combination of both the approaches, better to say both the classical and frequency approaches can be fitted in the axiomatic approach. The axiomatic approach helps probability theory to grow further because from the formulas based on the axioms probaility theory has invented new ideas. 2. The given probabilities are placed in the decision tree Here we have to calculate the posterior probability =P(driver not wearing seatbelt/ Driver was seriously injured) (From the bayes theorem ) = .37*.23 = .0851 3. Here X is the marks of an aptitude test for applicants in a university. Given X ~ N(500,60) The university wants only the top 10 percent pf the applicants for selection. From the table of the Z score it is seen that at 10% i.e. at .01 the Z score is 1.28 Since we calculated it for standard normal, to return to the normal , the equation used is X = Z.à Ã‚ ± + = 500 + 1.28*60 = 576.80 4. From the given information about the population it is seen that the sample units are dwellings of a large city. Therefore the population size is big and also it quite a labourious job to inspect all the dwellings individually. Therefore a sample from the population can be more useful because it would reduce the cost of the survey and also reduce the time of the survey. If a proper sampling plan is selected it would further improve the accuracy of the results because cencus being a lenghty processcan loose track and therfore provide faulty results. A stratified random sampling can be used in this case, the whole city must be divided into stratas for example simple stratas like north, south , east and west and then simple random sampling can be conducted from those stratas (Blank, 1968). 5) a. The Central Limit theorem forms the basis of Statistical Inference. The main basis of the central limit theorem is when the sample size is large then a set of i.i.d r.vs with mean and standard deviation can be approximated by the normal distribution. Although the original distribution may vary from normal But by CLT it assumes Normality. The normal distribution is one of the most important distributions in statistics (especially for continuous data) and because of its extensive usage many statistical inference is dependent on the normal assumption. The central limit theorem makes the way for different data sets to approximately assume normal distribution as the properties of normal distribution are very useful for further inferencial refernce. If the central limit theorem was not formulated then many hypothesis problems would have never existed (Lewis-Beck, 1993). Therefore the contribution of the central limit theorem cannot be denied for statistics and therefore it is termed as the cornerstone of statistical estimation. b. By precision we measure how much the original value of the statistic is approximated by the estimated statistic. Calculation of precision is very important to judge how much error is shown by the statistic. Precision can be the value of 1 divided by the standard error. Therefore if precision of the estimates needs to be improved by a certain rate then the sample size must also be increased by that rate. Now the overiding factor for estimatimg sample size includes the standard error and the margin of error and on the basis of these factors the required sample size is generated, therefore these factors are required for the calculation of sample size with proper precision. 6. Sampling error occurs only in case of sampling and non sampling method occurs both in case of sampling and census. Sampling is a probabilistic method and therefore the problems are related to those methods like wrong sample selection and wrong sample selection whereas non sampling errors include major and basic problems of sampling like design of data, data collection , therefore nonsampling error being both common to sampling and census. The first kind of nonsampling errors occur due to improper planning like lack of eligible investigators, improper data collection methods and faulty data designing. The second kind of nonsampling error occur due to faulty response like respondent manipulating answers, lack of memory, misunderstanding in part of the respondant and prestige issues e.t.c. and also due to non response. The third kind of nonsampling error occur due to errors in coverage, error in compilation of data and improper data placement by the investigator. 7. Here X = mean number of years of attained education We want to estimate the sample size for the mean number of years. Let us assume that the standard deviation be s. The margin of error is given as 1. Here confidence level is 95% and critical value for 95% is 1.96 and by the help of this critical value the standard deviation is to be calculated. Finally the required sample size = 4*s2/12 References Barnett, V. (1999). Comparative statistical inference. Chichester: Wiley. Blank, S. (1968). Descriptive statistics. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Lewis-Beck, M. (1993). Regression analysis. London: Sage Publications.

Sagging Pants free essay sample

Sagging pants is a trend that has caused many controversies. â€Å"Sagging† is wearing pants below the waistline, revealing underwear and even the buttocks. Sagging pants has created publicity in newspapers such as New York Post, online in AOL News, and even on television programs such as American Idol. Dressing a certain way can lead to consequences in educational environments and even in the public. Educational systems have the right to distinguish a dress code, but a citizen on the street should not be punished for such a racy outfit. Although â€Å"sagging† is inappropriate and foolish, people do have the right to dress as they please, excluding school environments. Citizens should have the right to wear their pants saggy in public. People have the right to wear what they please as well as â€Å"the right to look ridiculous† (Gregorian). The Constitution is what permits people to wear what they desire, even if the ensemble looks impractical and silly. We will write a custom essay sample on Sagging Pants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The problem is other people do not agree with this type of dress. In Memphis, a 45-year-old shoots a 17-year-old in the buttocks after getting into an argument with the teen over his baggy trousers (â€Å"Man Shoots Teen in Butt†). Police officers are even getting involved because they are so disturbed with this manner of dress. Saggy pants may be considered distasteful and offensive, but that does not mean the style should be illegal. Go ahead and call the â€Å"Fashion Police,† but there will be no arrests for such ludicrous dress. Cohen Page 2 â€Å"Sagging† is not appropriate for school. Most educational systems have dress codes because of how inappropriate or distracting an outfit can be. A raunchy dressed female student is distracting and disrespectful, just like a male student wearing saggy pants. Sagging pants so low that one exposes their underwear, needs to be added to the dress code. Union County College is a place of education, not a place to look imprudent or distracting. If a student wants to be treated with respect and dignity, that student has to dress appropriately. A student wearing sagging pants needs to oblige to the rules of misconduct and â€Å"get your pants off the ground† (American Idol). A college student should show respect to their professors as well as fellow students and dress suitably. Sagging pants will be an ongoing debate. While low worn pants can be completely acceptable in public, school systems will find the attire inappropriate and intolerable. Depending on how a person dresses is how a person will be treated. In public, sagging pants can result in rude looks or even in extreme cases, a bullet in the butt. In school, baggy trousers are considered inappropriate and unacceptable. Clothing and style is a representation of a person, therefore the wardrobe must be fitting judging upon the environment.

Free Essays on Individual-Group Continuity In Cooperation And Competition Under Varying Communication Conditions

TERM PAPER IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY INDIVIDUAL-GROUP CONTINUITY IN COOPERATION AND COMPETITION UNDER VARYING COMMUNICATION CONDITIONS ABSTRACT A 2 (Individuals / Groups) X 2 (Communication / No communication) ten-trial Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) study examined effects of repeated communications on the so-called discontinuity effect: the observation that intergroup PDG interactions are more competitive than interindividual PDG interactions. Inconsistent with the discontinuity hypothesis, but consistent with goal-expectation theory, results indicated that repeated communications increased cooperation to an equal extent for individuals and groups; and that groups had stronger cooperative expectations of, and attributed less competitiveness to their opponent, than individuals. Findings suggest an individual-group continuity effect, rather than a discontinuity effect, within the context of repeated PDG interactions and communications between individuals and groups. INTRODUCTION Groups have a bad reputation, even leading to half-jokingly comments by some authors that ‘humans would do better without groups’ (Buys 1978). Once individuals are submerged in a group, they seem to transform from a Dr. Jekyll into a Mr. Hyde and are driven by the lowest impulses and instincts (LeBon 1895). Only as single individuals, they would act in a civilized, cool, calm, and collected way. In his discussion of mass phenomena, Brown (1954) described this discrepancy between individual and group behavior as an ‘apparent discontinuity’, suggesting that individuals submerged in groups are more antisocial, domineering, deceitful, hostile, aggressive and competitive compared to isolated individuals. In their program of research on this ‘individual-group discontinuity hypothesis’ -the name was borrowed from Brown's (1954) discussion- Insko, Schopler, and colleagues give strong evidence for the negative image of the social group sketched above... Free Essays on Individual-Group Continuity In Cooperation And Competition Under Varying Communication Conditions Free Essays on Individual-Group Continuity In Cooperation And Competition Under Varying Communication Conditions TERM PAPER IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY INDIVIDUAL-GROUP CONTINUITY IN COOPERATION AND COMPETITION UNDER VARYING COMMUNICATION CONDITIONS ABSTRACT A 2 (Individuals / Groups) X 2 (Communication / No communication) ten-trial Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) study examined effects of repeated communications on the so-called discontinuity effect: the observation that intergroup PDG interactions are more competitive than interindividual PDG interactions. Inconsistent with the discontinuity hypothesis, but consistent with goal-expectation theory, results indicated that repeated communications increased cooperation to an equal extent for individuals and groups; and that groups had stronger cooperative expectations of, and attributed less competitiveness to their opponent, than individuals. Findings suggest an individual-group continuity effect, rather than a discontinuity effect, within the context of repeated PDG interactions and communications between individuals and groups. INTRODUCTION Groups have a bad reputation, even leading to half-jokingly comments by some authors that ‘humans would do better without groups’ (Buys 1978). Once individuals are submerged in a group, they seem to transform from a Dr. Jekyll into a Mr. Hyde and are driven by the lowest impulses and instincts (LeBon 1895). Only as single individuals, they would act in a civilized, cool, calm, and collected way. In his discussion of mass phenomena, Brown (1954) described this discrepancy between individual and group behavior as an ‘apparent discontinuity’, suggesting that individuals submerged in groups are more antisocial, domineering, deceitful, hostile, aggressive and competitive compared to isolated individuals. In their program of research on this ‘individual-group discontinuity hypothesis’ -the name was borrowed from Brown's (1954) discussion- Insko, Schopler, and colleagues give strong evidence for the negative image of the social group sketched above...

The Secret Six, the Men Who Financed John Browns Raid

The Secret Six, the Men Who Financed John Browns Raid The Secret Six was a loosely affiliated group which provided financial backing to John Brown before his raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859. Money obtained from the northeastern abolitionists of the Secret Six made the raid possible, as it enabled Brown to travel to Maryland, rent a farm to use as a hideout and staging area, and procure weapons for his men. When the raid on Harpers Ferry failed and Brown was captured by federal troops, a carpet bag containing documents was seized. Inside the bag were letters establishing the network behind his actions. Fearing prosecution for conspiracy and treason, some members of the Secret Six fled the United States for a brief period. None of them were ever prosecuted for their involvement with Brown. Members of the Secret Six Gerrit Smith: Born into a wealthy family in upstate New York, Smith was a vigorous supporter of various reform causes, including the American abolition movement.Thomas Wentworth Higginson: A minister and author, Higginson would go on to serve in the Civil War, commanding a regiment of black troops, and would write a classic memoir based on the experience.Theodore Parker: A minister and prominent public speaker on reform topics, Parker had been educated at Harvard and was affiliated with the Transcendentalist movement.Samuel Gridley Howe: A medical doctor and advocate for the blind, Howe was active in the abolition movement. His wife, Julia Ward Howe, would become famous for writing The Battle Hymn of the Republic.Franklin Benjamin Sanborn: A Harvard graduate, Sanborn was connected to the Transcendentalist movement and became involved in anti-slavery politics in the 1850s.George Luther Stearns: A self-made businessman, Stearns was a manufacturer and was able to financially support var ious causes, including the abolitionist cause. Actions of the Secret Six Before John Brown's Raid All the members of the Secret Six were involved in various ways with the Underground Railroad and the abolition movement. A common thread in their lives was that, like many other northerners, they believed the Fugitive Slave Law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 had made them morally complicit in slavery. Some of the men were active in what was called vigilance committees, which helped protect and hide fugitive slaves who otherwise could have been arrested and taken back to slavery in the South. Discussions in abolitionist circles often seemed to focus on theoretical ideas which would never be implemented, such as plans to have New England states secede from the Union. But when New England activists met up with John Brown in 1857, his account of what he had done to prevent the spread of slavery in what was called Bleeding Kansas made a convincing case that tangible actions had to be taken to end slavery. And those actions could include violence. It is possible that some members of the Secret Six had dealings with Brown going back to when he was active in Kansas. And whatever his history with the men, he found an attentive audience when he began talking about a new plan he had to launch an attack in hopes of bringing an end to slavery. The men of the Secret Six raised money for Brown and contributed funds of their own, and the influx of cash made it possible for Brown to see his plan into reality. The vast slave uprising which Brown hoped to spark never materialized and his raid on Harper Ferry in October 1859 turned into a fiasco. Brown was arrested and put on trial, and as he had never destroyed documents which could implicate his financial backers, the extent of his support quickly became widely known. The Public Furor John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry was, of course, highly controversial, and generated enormous attention in the newspapers. And the fallout over the involvement of New Englanders was also a topic of considerable discussion. Stories circulating naming various members of the Secret Six, and it was alleged that a widespread conspiracy to commit treason went far beyond the small group. Senators known to be opposed to slavery, including William Seward of New York and Charles Sumner of Massachusetts were falsely accused of having been involved in Browns plot. Of the six men implicated, three of them, Sanborn, Howe, and Stearns, fled to Canada for a time. Parker was already in Europe. Gerrit Smith, claiming to suffer a nervous breakdown, admitted himself to a sanitarium in New York State. Higginson remained in Boston, defying the government to arrest him. The idea that Brown did not act alone inflamed the South, and a senator from Virginia, James Mason, convened a committee to investigate Browns financial backers. Two of the Secret Six, Howe and Stearns, testified that they had met Brown but had nothing to do with his plans. The general story among the men is that they did not fully comprehend what Brown was up to. There was considerable confusion about what the men did know, and none of them was ever prosecuted for involvement in Browns plot. And when the slave states began seceding from the Union a year later, any appetite for prosecuting the men faded.

Strategy Implementation and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy Implementation and Control - Essay Example Companies when they become bigger they achieve economies of scale and so they can have competitive advantages. In addition, a merger/acquisition may help the company to reduce its foreign exchange exposure by having local manufacture rather than importing. Finally, other advantage may be that the company may alleviate its debts because the merging firm may take over the depts.. Some of the disadvantages have to do, especially when there are cross-border differences, with conflict among employees due to cultural differences. Sometimes, there may be the case of having negative reaction from the host country. The pros of the above strategy is that the two companies will be under the same roof and so it will be easier for a manager to manage them both. The cons may be the possibly different employee cultures. In order that a merger/acquisition becomes successful the company has to follow these steps: have good pre - and post- acquisition/merger planning, have effective leadership and adequate due diligence. Very important is also if the employee cultures are effectively merged, perhaps this is the most crucial factor. Another key factor of a successful acquisition is co-location i.e. the two companies should be brought under the same roof. The strategy is working when the two companies operate well together and they have market synergy. They have mutual understanding and they share each others funds, technology and markets. Very important is also if there are no cultural differences since this factor has led many mergers/acquisitions to failure. Operate the acquired company as a separate business entity. The result of this strategy will be two separate companies under one senior management "umbrella" (the senior management team that is responsible for running both companies). 1. What are the pros and cons of this implementation strategy The pros are that each company can operate independently but both companies can be evaluated in a strategic way. Independent operation is particularly good in case the companies have highly