Free Essays on Individual-Group Continuity In Cooperation And Competition Under Varying Communication Conditions

TERM PAPER IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY INDIVIDUAL-GROUP CONTINUITY IN COOPERATION AND COMPETITION UNDER VARYING COMMUNICATION CONDITIONS ABSTRACT A 2 (Individuals / Groups) X 2 (Communication / No communication) ten-trial Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) study examined effects of repeated communications on the so-called discontinuity effect: the observation that intergroup PDG interactions are more competitive than interindividual PDG interactions. Inconsistent with the discontinuity hypothesis, but consistent with goal-expectation theory, results indicated that repeated communications increased cooperation to an equal extent for individuals and groups; and that groups had stronger cooperative expectations of, and attributed less competitiveness to their opponent, than individuals. Findings suggest an individual-group continuity effect, rather than a discontinuity effect, within the context of repeated PDG interactions and communications between individuals and groups. INTRODUCTION Groups have a bad reputation, even leading to half-jokingly comments by some authors that ‘humans would do better without groups’ (Buys 1978). Once individuals are submerged in a group, they seem to transform from a Dr. Jekyll into a Mr. Hyde and are driven by the lowest impulses and instincts (LeBon 1895). Only as single individuals, they would act in a civilized, cool, calm, and collected way. In his discussion of mass phenomena, Brown (1954) described this discrepancy between individual and group behavior as an ‘apparent discontinuity’, suggesting that individuals submerged in groups are more antisocial, domineering, deceitful, hostile, aggressive and competitive compared to isolated individuals. In their program of research on this ‘individual-group discontinuity hypothesis’ -the name was borrowed from Brown's (1954) discussion- Insko, Schopler, and colleagues give strong evidence for the negative image of the social group sketched above... Free Essays on Individual-Group Continuity In Cooperation And Competition Under Varying Communication Conditions Free Essays on Individual-Group Continuity In Cooperation And Competition Under Varying Communication Conditions TERM PAPER IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY INDIVIDUAL-GROUP CONTINUITY IN COOPERATION AND COMPETITION UNDER VARYING COMMUNICATION CONDITIONS ABSTRACT A 2 (Individuals / Groups) X 2 (Communication / No communication) ten-trial Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) study examined effects of repeated communications on the so-called discontinuity effect: the observation that intergroup PDG interactions are more competitive than interindividual PDG interactions. Inconsistent with the discontinuity hypothesis, but consistent with goal-expectation theory, results indicated that repeated communications increased cooperation to an equal extent for individuals and groups; and that groups had stronger cooperative expectations of, and attributed less competitiveness to their opponent, than individuals. Findings suggest an individual-group continuity effect, rather than a discontinuity effect, within the context of repeated PDG interactions and communications between individuals and groups. INTRODUCTION Groups have a bad reputation, even leading to half-jokingly comments by some authors that ‘humans would do better without groups’ (Buys 1978). Once individuals are submerged in a group, they seem to transform from a Dr. Jekyll into a Mr. Hyde and are driven by the lowest impulses and instincts (LeBon 1895). Only as single individuals, they would act in a civilized, cool, calm, and collected way. In his discussion of mass phenomena, Brown (1954) described this discrepancy between individual and group behavior as an ‘apparent discontinuity’, suggesting that individuals submerged in groups are more antisocial, domineering, deceitful, hostile, aggressive and competitive compared to isolated individuals. In their program of research on this ‘individual-group discontinuity hypothesis’ -the name was borrowed from Brown's (1954) discussion- Insko, Schopler, and colleagues give strong evidence for the negative image of the social group sketched above...

The Secret Six, the Men Who Financed John Browns Raid

The Secret Six, the Men Who Financed John Browns Raid The Secret Six was a loosely affiliated group which provided financial backing to John Brown before his raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859. Money obtained from the northeastern abolitionists of the Secret Six made the raid possible, as it enabled Brown to travel to Maryland, rent a farm to use as a hideout and staging area, and procure weapons for his men. When the raid on Harpers Ferry failed and Brown was captured by federal troops, a carpet bag containing documents was seized. Inside the bag were letters establishing the network behind his actions. Fearing prosecution for conspiracy and treason, some members of the Secret Six fled the United States for a brief period. None of them were ever prosecuted for their involvement with Brown. Members of the Secret Six Gerrit Smith: Born into a wealthy family in upstate New York, Smith was a vigorous supporter of various reform causes, including the American abolition movement.Thomas Wentworth Higginson: A minister and author, Higginson would go on to serve in the Civil War, commanding a regiment of black troops, and would write a classic memoir based on the experience.Theodore Parker: A minister and prominent public speaker on reform topics, Parker had been educated at Harvard and was affiliated with the Transcendentalist movement.Samuel Gridley Howe: A medical doctor and advocate for the blind, Howe was active in the abolition movement. His wife, Julia Ward Howe, would become famous for writing The Battle Hymn of the Republic.Franklin Benjamin Sanborn: A Harvard graduate, Sanborn was connected to the Transcendentalist movement and became involved in anti-slavery politics in the 1850s.George Luther Stearns: A self-made businessman, Stearns was a manufacturer and was able to financially support var ious causes, including the abolitionist cause. Actions of the Secret Six Before John Brown's Raid All the members of the Secret Six were involved in various ways with the Underground Railroad and the abolition movement. A common thread in their lives was that, like many other northerners, they believed the Fugitive Slave Law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 had made them morally complicit in slavery. Some of the men were active in what was called vigilance committees, which helped protect and hide fugitive slaves who otherwise could have been arrested and taken back to slavery in the South. Discussions in abolitionist circles often seemed to focus on theoretical ideas which would never be implemented, such as plans to have New England states secede from the Union. But when New England activists met up with John Brown in 1857, his account of what he had done to prevent the spread of slavery in what was called Bleeding Kansas made a convincing case that tangible actions had to be taken to end slavery. And those actions could include violence. It is possible that some members of the Secret Six had dealings with Brown going back to when he was active in Kansas. And whatever his history with the men, he found an attentive audience when he began talking about a new plan he had to launch an attack in hopes of bringing an end to slavery. The men of the Secret Six raised money for Brown and contributed funds of their own, and the influx of cash made it possible for Brown to see his plan into reality. The vast slave uprising which Brown hoped to spark never materialized and his raid on Harper Ferry in October 1859 turned into a fiasco. Brown was arrested and put on trial, and as he had never destroyed documents which could implicate his financial backers, the extent of his support quickly became widely known. The Public Furor John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry was, of course, highly controversial, and generated enormous attention in the newspapers. And the fallout over the involvement of New Englanders was also a topic of considerable discussion. Stories circulating naming various members of the Secret Six, and it was alleged that a widespread conspiracy to commit treason went far beyond the small group. Senators known to be opposed to slavery, including William Seward of New York and Charles Sumner of Massachusetts were falsely accused of having been involved in Browns plot. Of the six men implicated, three of them, Sanborn, Howe, and Stearns, fled to Canada for a time. Parker was already in Europe. Gerrit Smith, claiming to suffer a nervous breakdown, admitted himself to a sanitarium in New York State. Higginson remained in Boston, defying the government to arrest him. The idea that Brown did not act alone inflamed the South, and a senator from Virginia, James Mason, convened a committee to investigate Browns financial backers. Two of the Secret Six, Howe and Stearns, testified that they had met Brown but had nothing to do with his plans. The general story among the men is that they did not fully comprehend what Brown was up to. There was considerable confusion about what the men did know, and none of them was ever prosecuted for involvement in Browns plot. And when the slave states began seceding from the Union a year later, any appetite for prosecuting the men faded.

Strategy Implementation and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy Implementation and Control - Essay Example Companies when they become bigger they achieve economies of scale and so they can have competitive advantages. In addition, a merger/acquisition may help the company to reduce its foreign exchange exposure by having local manufacture rather than importing. Finally, other advantage may be that the company may alleviate its debts because the merging firm may take over the depts.. Some of the disadvantages have to do, especially when there are cross-border differences, with conflict among employees due to cultural differences. Sometimes, there may be the case of having negative reaction from the host country. The pros of the above strategy is that the two companies will be under the same roof and so it will be easier for a manager to manage them both. The cons may be the possibly different employee cultures. In order that a merger/acquisition becomes successful the company has to follow these steps: have good pre - and post- acquisition/merger planning, have effective leadership and adequate due diligence. Very important is also if the employee cultures are effectively merged, perhaps this is the most crucial factor. Another key factor of a successful acquisition is co-location i.e. the two companies should be brought under the same roof. The strategy is working when the two companies operate well together and they have market synergy. They have mutual understanding and they share each others funds, technology and markets. Very important is also if there are no cultural differences since this factor has led many mergers/acquisitions to failure. Operate the acquired company as a separate business entity. The result of this strategy will be two separate companies under one senior management "umbrella" (the senior management team that is responsible for running both companies). 1. What are the pros and cons of this implementation strategy The pros are that each company can operate independently but both companies can be evaluated in a strategic way. Independent operation is particularly good in case the companies have highly

The Political Economy of Global Communication Essay

The Political Economy of Global Communication - Essay Example It has become a catch-22. As Peter Wilkin (2001) states, the "means of communication is a dangerous weapon to be placed in the hands of private institutions driven by profit interests as much as it is when placed in the hands of monopoly state power." The news media is this profit-driven organization, and its threat is real. The arena now is Iraq, now in the third year of a war sprung from the fear of a threat. Today, the relationship between the state and the media in terms of supporting each others interests. The available body of literature indicates that security issues have changed since World War II. The perceptions of people in the East differ greatly from those in the West due, in part, to media and communication as a whole. Prevention is often overlooked as an integral part of security. The case study will evaluate the role of the media in global security. Oftentimes ownership of media, whether public or private, plays a role in the kind of communication people may receive. In addition, wealthy investors, owners, and sponsors can skew the presentation of communications messages both locally and globally. The media is a powerful and influential player in high stakes political games but is also a tool in which a civil society gets information about global issues which now may affect them. Finally, this paper will examine how the Iraq crisis of 2002/2003, when the possible manufacture and stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction came to a peak, was both created and shaped by the me dia of both the United States, the aggressor in this conflict, and Germany, the largest member of the European Union and a staunch opponent of the war. SECTION TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW According to a study compiled by the World Watch Institute, security tops the lists of concerns for most nations (State of the World, 2005). National security is frequently referred to as the military, or the military and homeland security and has resulted in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in the United States. However, according to Anita Dancs, (2006), director of the National Priorities Project and Security Policy Working Group member, "securing our nation has three components: the military, homeland security and preventive measures." Preventive measures refer to actions, plans and policies that neutralize or prevent violent conflicts (Dancs, 2006). Undoubtedly, the media plays a new role in global security by virtue of its position in the communications marketplace. They determine public opinion and can shape decisions and alter perceptions of problems. For example, Paul Rogers (2005) reports that even though North Americans typically respond to surveys that violence is on the rise both nationally and internationally, worldwide violence is actually diminishing. The Human Security Report reveals that "the number of armed conflicts has decreased by more than 40% , and the number of major conflicts(which it defines as resulting in 1,000 or more battle-deaths) has declined by 80%" (Rogers, 2005). The report also notes that the number of autocratic regimes is decreasing as well. This is an important consideration because, as Stephen Krasner (1983) has delineated, regimes are based upon norms and principles which do not change without a revolutionary impetus. For example, if a terrorist regime acts upon the principles of their religi on and seek to fight a holy war, such as in the tragedy of 9/11,

Mtv And The Madonna Phenomenon Essay -- essays research papers

MTV and The Madonna Phenomenon "Madonna's intuitive grasp on the televisual world in which we live- of the medium's possibilities for engaging spectators in diverse ways- that in part accounts for her success. She is the supreme television heroine." (E. Ann Kaplan 271) "What are the main theories which we have studied so far and how have they affected how you view television?"-This is the question which this paper is supposed to answer. Obviously there is not enough time or space in which to discuss every theory which we have touched on. As a compromise I decided to write about a topic to which almost every theory that we have discussed can be applied: MTV and the â€Å"Madonna Phenomenon†. As E. Ann Kaplan stated in her article on feminist criticism, Madonna is truly the ultimate television heroine. A discussion on contemporary popular culture and especially on media culture could never be complete without bringing up Madonna. She can be discussed in terms of feminism, ideology, hegemony and commercialism as seen in both Kaplan's as well as in John Fiske's article on British Cultural Studies. In order to properly explain how the â€Å"Madonna Phenomenon† has become such an important concept in media studies, one must look first at how influential MTV (music television) has become in the last decade. MTV addresses the â€Å"desires, fantasies, and anxieties† of young people(Kaplan 270) who have, like myself, grown up in a decade when all the traditional institutions and theories that were always respected, are being questioned. It has become the center of discussions of many young people who have grown up idolizing the figures shown on the network. MTV is a culture in itself. With it's own news, fashion and music programs it can easily be the considered the basis for the formation of thought of an entire generation. The images depicted in music videos, of androgynous stars and situations have aided in rendering the clear line between the genders rather blurry. This makes MTV an important aspect in the study of post-modern theories. Videos are often quite abstract and it is hard to figure out their true meanings. Unlike other television programming, videos are usually not made up of clear parts or scenes which produce an easily identifiable and readable image... ...nd in particular those in music videos) quite differently. I would see them,, as I had in the past as victims of the dominant ideology and the patriarchal society which we live in. Madonna proves that women can fight against the regulations which are forced onto women: that if they are sexual beings than they are nothing more than sex symbols, and that society determines how women are portrayed on television. If I could go as far as to describe Madonna in one word it would be â€Å" strong†. I not only enjoy her work but admire her ability to do what she feels like doing, even if she completely disregards society's definitions of decency. She is one of the few women in history who has never asked others to accept or like what she does. To conclude I would like to quote Madonna herself in order to demonstrate her atypical way of thinking which has brought her such undeniable success: â€Å"Poor is the man whose pleasures depend on the permission of another† -Madonna â€Å"Justify my Love†

Reinforcement Theory Essay

Q# 1: Identify the practices of organization that are indicating the application of reinforcement theory? Answer 1. Focus on proper training before giving task to the employees 2. Monitoring the performance of employees. 3. Formulation of procedures, rules and regulations in detail. 4. Strictness in compliance of rules. Q# 2: You are required to suggest some measures of positive reinforcement that can be implemented by the management of Crisp & Soft restaurant. Answer 1. The manager can start a practice to greet the employees and having pleasant conversation with those who came on time at start of day and conduct a small meeting with staff at closing of day and praised and say thanks those who performed good during the day. These practices will decrease late arrivals and early leaver. 2. The management can start â€Å"Employee of the month† award scheme in which at end of every month letter of appreciation along with small cash price will be give to the employee how performed well during the month. 3. A roll of honor board should be maintained at prominent place in the restaurant where everyone can see it. The pictures of â€Å"Employee of the month† pasted on that board. Q# 3: Assess which level of Maslow’s hierarchy of need the organization is satisfying for lower level staff and managerial level staff? Explain Answer As per Maslow’s hierarchy of need, there are following five levels of human needs: i. Biological Need: The basic requirement for survival of human body e.g. food, water, air and shelter etc. ii. Safety Need: Protection from Cold, Heat, Sand, Storm, Earthquake, Animals, Enemies iii. Social Need: love, acceptance, belonging etc. iv. Self Esteem: Respect, reorganization v. Self Actualization: challenging tasks, In case of lower level workers the Crisp and Soft restaurant management is satisfying level 1 by providing free meal and uniform, paying salaries at reasonable rate and level 2 by making HVAC arrangement for workers. In case of management staff, the restaurant management is trying to satisfying level 3 along with level 1 and 2 also, by providing good salaries (level 1), good working environment (level 2) and membership of social club of restaurant to their staff(level 3) where they can attend get to gathers, family dinners etc.

The Importance of Music - 1896 Words

The Importance of Music Studies show students who are educated in and/or have taken music classes have better performance levels in school, especially in math and reading. Normally, music and art classes aren’t valued as much as core classes corresponding to mathematics, literature, or science. Art and music education prepares students with skills needed in the career field of their choice (Facts 1-3). Music is one of the world’s greatest economic imports, whether it be instruments or songs being bought on iTunes. Music training can improve people’s motor and reasoning skills. Children who have had over three or more years of musical instrument lessons performed better than those who have not in their abilities to determine differences in sounds and in their fine motor skills. The value of music education in children has been studied for decades. Because the early ages of development within a child’s life are the most important, music education has been proven to enhance a child ’s learning ability. Music has a positive influence on behavior, proves better performance in academics and education, and helps with child development. Music can be inspiring to anyone who is willing to lend an ear. It tells a story and evokes emotion from the listener. The two emotions related to music are perceived and felt emotions. Sometimes people may understand the emotions portrayed by a piece of music without actually feeling them, which is why some people enjoy listening to music thatShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Music1195 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung, under 40 and dressed in stylish clothing. As worship begins, the lighting shifts from the blue and purple tones to red for the first song before back to a calming blue. Majority of people stand, often with arms outstretched and swaying to the music. Approximately 50 people go to the front, standing at the foot of the stage to worship. The lighting continued to shift and reflect different parts of the songs lyrics, such as becoming yellow and rippling out over the audience when singing about theRead MoreThe Importance Of Music Education790 Words   |  4 Pagesat a Time Music education is a subject in school that should be essential for all students. If students continued to expand their music education, they would have higher test scores in subjects such as math and English. Having a school system where everyone is able to benefit from a school wide requirement of music education. Music education will help improve student test scores and improve students language development. Students who take music classes have higher test scores. Music education helpsRead MoreThe Importance of Music in Education1426 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2015 Final Paper The Importance of Music in Education Whether we choose to believe it or not, music is a very present thing in one’s day to day lifestyle. From turning on the radio in the morning, to listening to it while grocery shopping, putting in our headphones while we study, music is always there. Music is also extremely underrated, which is why so many public schools are constantly threatening to take away music programs all the time. But why is music education so vital in the growthRead MoreThe Importance Of Music Education2171 Words   |  9 PagesThe Importance of Music Education Perhaps the largest distinction between humans and all other animals on earth is the ability to both create and appreciate fine art. The musical art form has existed for thousands of years, and has allowed different cultures to express themselves and connect with one another. The most primitive sounds were simply drum hits and clapping, but over time music has grown in sophistication. Now, complicated symphonies can be heard in halls all across the world, with aRead MoreThe Importance Of Data On Music1014 Words   |  5 Pagesselected were females and males and the variable was the amount of songs each gender has saved in their phone. The reason I decided to focus on this topic was because there are many new applications that provide free music therefore, I was curious what gender still had the most music downloaded on their phone. The question I wanted to answer was, â€Å"do females or males have more songs downloaded to their phone†? This project is a random sample becau se I did not know how many songs each gender had onRead MoreThe Importance Of Violent Music805 Words   |  4 PagesViolent music; many people have different opinions about it. Can music create violence or can it not? Is is non harmful or is it destroying the youth of the world? Should it be banned for being violent and provoking violent behavior or it should not? No matter the opinion, recent studies have shown that violent music can create violence. Violence in all types of media can create violence. Music should stop provoking violence with their harmful lyrics. Instead of writing about guns, drugs, alcoholRead MoreThe Importance Of Innovations In Music1027 Words   |  5 PagesSo rather than lamenting the good old days, designers need to embrace the new. There are numerous design-led innovations that look to make music all the more alive and connectable through visual elements. Fast-forward to now, when there isn’t a digital platform that doesn’t get refreshed every minute. Pop stars define themselves via Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat—not to mention their own record or fashion labels. There is no longer a demarcation between backstage, offstage, and center stage, andRead MoreThe Importance Of Rap Music998 Words   |  4 Pageslife has been. However, rap music allows me to escape a harsh life style that has been passed down for generations. Rap music has allowed me to get a feeling of freedom, and rebellion instead, of always being confined by religion. For instance, when I was 12 years old my mom scolded me for turning up the stereo while an Eminem track was playing. She would always preach to my siblings and I about how rap music is nothing but vulgar words coming from a random person. Rap music to her was nothing more toRead MoreThe Importance Of Rap Music1843 Words   |  8 Pagesagainst the law. However, rap music can be a way for someone to release their creative energy and produce great entertainment for listeners. Rap music can help people with depression and relate to the listeners struggle. There is a side of rap that tap into positive means of expression to improve social content and foster beneficial mindsets (â€Å"Putting the Rap into Therapy†). Rap can be a way to free your mind, like when you’re stressed or just having a bad day. Rap music was invented in the 1970s inRead MoreThe Importance of Music In Marketing Techniques699 Words   |  3 PagesMusic has become an important part of the marketing tool’s extent, with the compound usage of TV and radio as the mean of communicating with the consumers. Music can serve universal promotional goals in one or more of several capacities. The classic jingle is the most common musical technique for aiding memorability and thus product recall. Some of the biggest products and companies in the world are successful solely because of the customer satisfaction, this is also because the customers like